Laurel Anna Learn Article #3
Henry Knox and the Noble Train of Artillery
By the fall of 1775, the Continental Army had surrounded British-occupied Boston for months, but they had little heavy artillery and no way to force a withdrawal. It looked like nothing short of a stalemate, and General Washington needed something to turn the tide. He knew his men could stand against the greatest army in the world, but he needed something more. His answer lay three hundred miles to the northwest, at Fort Ticonderoga.
A Fort Won Without a Fight
The fort had been seized back in May, and not by accident. On May 9, 1775, Benedict Arnold arrived near Fort Ticonderoga to find Ethan Allen already preparing to attack the next day with roughly 150 men. The two men, both strong-willed and eager for credit, spent hours arguing over who would lead before finally agreeing to share command. At dawn on May 10, the fort fell to about a hundred Green Mountain Boys along with volunteers from Massachusetts and Connecticut, and the outcome was almost anticlimactic โ the lone sentry on duty simply fled, and the British garrison was roused from sleep at gunpoint. Only one man was hurt in the entire operation, an American wounded by a bayonet. It was the first American victory of the war, and it handed the rebels something they badly needed: cannon. Yet for months afterward, those guns simply sat at Ticonderoga, far from the fighting, while the army organized itself and waited.
Anonymous. A Map of Ticonderoga with the Old and New Lines and Batteries. [N.p.], 1777. Map. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C., Call No. G3804.T5S3 1777 .M3. Free to use and reuse โ Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. https://www.loc.gov/item/78692736/
Washington's Unlikely Choice
Peale, Charles Willson. Henry Knox. c. 1784. Oil on canvas, 58.4 ร 48.2 cm (23 ร 19 in.). Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pa. Public domain (PD-Art; PD-old-100-expired). Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Knox_by_Peale.jpg
Henry Knox was twenty-five years old and ran a bookshop in Boston. He had no formal military training, only a self-taught knowledge of artillery and engineering built from years of reading โ a habit that had already caught the eye of men like John Adams, whose recommendation helped bring Knox into the army's orbit in the first place. That homegrown expertise was apparently enough to earn Washington's confidence. Washington was growing anxious to move against the British in Boston, but with so few cannon and so little gunpowder, he had almost no means to act. So, on November 16, without waiting for Congress, Washington sent Knox to Ticonderoga to collect whatever artillery could be found there and bring it back to the lines outside Boston. Washington's written instructions left little room for excuses: "no trouble or expense must be spared to obtain them," he wrote. Congress, it turned out, agreed independently โ the Continental Congress voted to commission Knox a colonel the very next day, though word of it would not reach him until he returned from the expedition months later.
Knox set out at once, stopping first in New York City on a fruitless hunt for additional artillery, before continuing north. The night before he reached his destination, he shared a cabin at Fort George with an unlikely companion: a young British prisoner named John Andrรฉ, being marched south to a prison camp โ the same Andrรฉ who would later be hanged as a spy after conspiring with Benedict Arnold.
Sizing Up the Guns
Knox arrived at Fort Ticonderoga on December 5, and got straight to work. Writing to Washington the very next day, he was candid about the odds against him: "The Garriso[n] at Ticonderoga is so weak, the conveyance from the fort to the landing is so difficult, the passage across the lake so precarious," he admitted, warning that everything from there would hinge on whether the roads held enough snow for sledding.
It took Knox roughly five days, working alongside the fort's garrison, to select, organize, and consolidate the artillery that would make the journey. He settled on fifty-nine pieces in total: forty-three heavy brass and iron guns, six lightweight cohorn mortars, eight siege mortars, and two howitzers. Most of the cannon were "12-pounder" or "18-pounder" guns, named for the weight of the cannonball they fired, but the prize of the collection was a single massive 24-pounder nicknamed "Old Sow," which weighed more than five thousand pounds, alongside three squat iron 13-inch mortars weighing roughly a ton apiece. Altogether, the load came to about 120,000 pounds โ sixty tons of iron and brass that now had to travel three hundred miles through mountains no army had any business crossing in winter.
Down the Lake, Across the Hudson
Getting the guns moving took as much carpentry as courage. On December 12, Knox arranged for forty-two sturdy sleds to be built, each capable of hauling a long cannon clear of the ground and weighing more than two tons on its own. Before any of that could happen, though, the artillery first had to cross Lake George. On December 9, three boats loaded with cannon set out across the ice-covered, forty-mile lake, a crossing that took eight days.
Then came the hard part: waiting for winter to cooperate. The hard freeze Knox needed finally arrived on January 6, and over the following two days his entire train crossed the Hudson River at Albany. It nearly ended in disaster. According to local accounts, one of the heaviest guns broke straight through the ice during the crossing, and it was only the effort of Albany residents, rushing out to help, that pulled it back out before it was lost for good.
Van Ingen, William H. (artist), and White (delineator). Knox Entering Camp with Artillery. United States, ca. 1855. Wood engraving, hand-colored. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C., Reproduction No. LC-USZC4-9060. No known restrictions on publication. https://www.loc.gov/item/2001701774/
From Albany, the train turned south and east, threading through Kinderhook and into the Berkshires โ rugged, sparsely settled country that offered little in the way of roads. Towns along the route pitched in with extra men and draft animals as the sleds pushed through Great Barrington and on toward the Massachusetts lowlands. Knox had told Washington that eighty yoke of oxen would haul the guns as far as Springfield, but his diary tells a different story: the oxen negotiation fell through over price, and he rented horses instead, acquiring at least 124 pairs to do the bulk of the pulling. At Springfield, Knox swapped in fresh teams for the exhausted ones that had hauled the guns that far, then continued through Brookfield, Spencer, Leicester, Worcester, Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Framingham, Waltham, and Watertown. On January 24, 1776, Knox's "noble train of artillery" finally entered Cambridge, with the guns temporarily parked at Framingham, about twenty miles short of Washington's headquarters, until they were needed.
Remarkably, for all that ice and mountain travel, the guns themselves survived intact. Historians still point to one loose thread: an old British six-pound cannon, pulled from the Mohawk River around 1853 near a crossing point on Knox's likely route, which raises the possibility that not every piece made the full journey โ though the question has never been settled.
Historian Victor Brooks later called the whole affair "one of the most stupendous feats of logistics" of the American Revolutionary War, and it's not hard to see why. In roughly ten weeks, through the dead of a New England winter, a bookseller with no military training had moved sixty tons of cannon three hundred miles โ across a frozen lake, over a half-frozen river, and through mountains that barely qualified as passable โ without losing a single gun to the ice or the cold. Few operations of the entire war demanded more improvisation, endurance, and sheer stubbornness, and Knox had delivered all three, arriving in Cambridge with exactly what Washington's army had been missing all along.
Definitions, Places, and People:
Nathan Hale - While Knox was hauling cannon through the snow, Nathan Hale was stuck doing something far less dramatic: waiting. Hale had accepted a lieutenant's commission in Colonel Charles Webb's Connecticut Seventh Regiment that July, and by September his regiment had marched for Boston to join the siege already underway. He arrived just as the fighting was tapering off, and found the daily grind of training recruits and standing watch far more tedious and lonely than he'd expected. His regiment spent that winter stationed on Winter Hill, part of the long ring of American forces still waiting on the artillery Knox was somewhere out in the Berkshires trying to deliver. On January 1, 1776 โ just three weeks before Knox's guns finally reached Cambridge โ Hale was promoted to captain in Webb's regiment, still short of the action he'd signed up for.
Furlough - a temporary leave of absence from a job or military due to slow business, budget cuts or a government shutdown.
Ammidonโs Tavern - a historic public house located in Massachusetts that provided hot meals, rest, and mailing services. It was a colonial stopover for travellers, soldiers and notable figures, such as Nathan Hale who stopped there during his travels.
Tread the boards - to work as an actor and perform on theatre stages.
Roscius - Quintus Roscius, a highly renowned Roman actor from the first century BC, known for his quality of acting, especially his comedy.
Dorchester Heights - where American soldiers implanted artillery overlooking Boston and its harbor.
Works Cited
American Battlefield Trust. "Siege of Fort Ticonderoga." American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/siege-fort-ticonderoga.
American Battlefield Trust. "The Guns of Ticonderoga." American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/guns-ticonderoga.
Bemis, Kaleb. "A Logistical Masterpiece: Evacuation Day and the Noble Train of Artillery." U.S. Army, https://www.army.mil/article/291080/a_logistical_masterpiece_evacuation_day_and_the_noble_train_of_artillery.
New England Historical Society. "Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold Capture Fort Ticonderoga, 1775." New England Historical Society, https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/ethan-allen-benedict-arnold-capture-fort-ticonderoga-1775/.
"Colonel Henry Knox to George Washington, 5 December 1775." Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-02-02-0446-0001.
"Colonel Henry Knox to George Washington, 17 December 1775." Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-02-02-0521-0001.
George Washington Papers, editorial notes on the Ticonderoga expedition. Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov.
Beck, Derek W. "Henry Knox's 'Noble Train of Artillery:' No Ox for Knox." Journal of the American Revolution, https://allthingsliberty.com/2019/02/henry-knoxs-noble-train-of-artillery-no-ox-for-knox/.
Beck, Derek W. "Knox's Oxen at Ft. Ticonderoga (Addendum) (Myths of the Revolution)." Derek W. Beck, https://www.derekbeck.com/1775/info/oxen-at-ft-ticonderoga/.
Mumford, Brian. "Knox's Noble Trail of Artillery." Friends of the Saratoga Battlefield, https://friendsofthesaratogabattlefield.org/2025/09/19/knoxs-noble-trail-of-artillery/.
"Knox's 'Noble Train of Artillery.'" Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/knoxs-noble-train-artillery.
"The Noble Train: How a Boston Bookseller Saved the Revolution." Military.com, https://www.military.com/history/noble-train-how-boston-bookseller-saved-revolution.html.
"A Noble Train?" Fort Ticonderoga, https://fortticonderoga.org/news/a-noble-train/.
"Henry Knox and His Big Guns at Fort Ticonderoga." Fort Ticonderoga, https://fortticonderoga.org/news/henry-knox-and-his-big-guns-at-fort-ticonderoga-the-noble-train-begins-reenactment-takes-place-on-december-5/.
"Henry Knox Brings Cannon to Boston." Mass Moments, https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/henry-knox-brings-cannon-to-boston.html.
"Revolutionary War Routes in the Hudson Valley." Hudson River Valley Ramble, https://www.hudsonrivervalleyramble.com/revolutionary-war-routes-in-the-hudson-valley.
Washington, George. "Letter from George Washington to Henry Knox (1787)." Teaching American History, https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/george-washington-to-henry-knox/.
Wikipedia contributors. "Noble Train of Artillery." Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery. (citing historians E. E. Ware and Victor Brooks)
Tsaltas-Ottomanelli, Mary. "The Last Days of Nathan Hale." Fraunces Tavern Museum, https://www.frauncestavernmuseum.org/nathan-hale.
"A Revolutionary Martyr in Bronze: Sculptures of Nathan Hale." The American Revolution Institute, https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/asset/a-revolutionary-martyr-in-bronze-sculptures-of-nathan-hale/.
"Nathan Hale." Honoring Our Patriots, Daughters of the American Revolution, https://honoringourpatriots.dar.org/patriots/nathan-hale/.